ɥ. Voiced labial-palatal approximant. ɧ. Simultaneous ʃ and x. ʜ. Voiceless epiglottal fricative. Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʢ. Voiced epiglottal fricative/approximant. The following table displays and describes the different IPA vowels and diphthongs. Click on a vowel to hear an audio clip. (Note: The audio clips may not play well in the media bar of Internet Explorer. Use another player or download the links to disk.)The IPA vowel symbols are typically more difficult than consonants for speakers of English to learn, since they seldom represent the sounds that the corresponding English letters (usually) do. The major vowel symbols, [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u], represent the sounds that the corresponding letters do in the spelling systems of many European ...Here are some IPA vowel chart symbols with example words to show how they sound: ʊ - "look" I - "if" i - "we" ə - first syllable of "about" ɛ - "said" ɜ - "burn" ʌ - "fun" ɔ - "lawn" e - "hey" æ - "cat" u - "use" a - "car" ɑ - "not" ɒ - "hop" o - "glow"The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020 The International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. [1]For example, many American speakers pronounce words with /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ (e.g., "cot" and "caught") the same. In the IPA, a word's primary stress is marked by putting a raised vertical line (ˈ) at the beginning of a syllable. Secondary stress is marked by putting a lowered vertical line (ˌ) at the beginning of a syllable.current IPA chart. Figure 1 demonstrates symbols for two broad types of vowel: tense vowels (associated with one of the dots on the chart) and lax vowels (not linked to a dot). English has both tense and lax vowels. Examples of the former include /O ' 5 [ /1 K/ G/ 5/ G; U;/;The difference between graphs and charts is mainly in the way the data is compiled and the way it is represented. Graphs are usually focused on raw data and showing the trends and changes in that data over time.Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" ( / noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪ /) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable .Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" ( / noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪ /) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable . Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊. The International Phonetic Alphabet charts are made possible thanks to the International Phonetic Association (Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, School of English, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, GREECE).*International Phonetic Alphabet Symbol Chart with Close English Equivalent Keywords Single Vowels Diphthongs IPA English Equivalent Keyword IPA English Equivalent Keyword father night pasta day cat boyThe official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020 The International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. [1]In the IPA the vowel [ə] is the true central or neutral vowel. The vowel [ɜ] has been placed in the same position as [ə] because it is a convention in both Australian and British phonetics to use [ɜ] as the long central vowel and [ə] to represent the unstressed, reduced schwa vowel. Students should expect to find in American texts the ...strong, lengthened vowel sound at its center. Using The Color Vowel Chart to assign a color to that vowel sound, we can say that each word has exactly one color. • One-syllable words contain one vowel sound (even if it contains more than one vowel letter). For example, soup is BLUE, bread is RED, and knife is WHITE. This is the chart of Vowels. This chart works a little bit differently than the others. There are 3 main columns: "Front", "Central", and "Back". Below each of these columns you will see a dot: "•". The dot below a dot in that respective column represents another pair of vowels within that column.A great way to practise the IPA symbols with the chart is to get a blank diagram (here’s one) and practise writing the symbols in, preferably with keywords so that you remember what they sound like. If you’ve studied Spanish or Italian, it may help to note that the “normal” looking vowels correspond to their sounds in Spanish/Italian.Vowels in the IPA. The technical names of vowels tell three things about a sound: The height of the tongue (high-mid-low) The portion of the tongue that is raised or lowered (front-central-back) The tenseness of the tongue (tense-lax) The rounding of the lips (round-unround) The technical names for the vowels follow the order listed above.ipa CHART front vowels ipa name lower case small capital high, front, unrounded, lax lower case front, unrounded, tense example or. Skip to document. University; High School. Books; Ask AI. ... Central Vowels IPA Name Description Example /ə/ “schwa” mid, central, unrounded, lax Do not use schwa in one syllable words in isolation. A schwa ...This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here ... 5. /əː/ = /ɜː/. In a chart with /ɛː/, it can be highly confusing for learners to also use symbol /ɜː/, though there is no difference in the sound. 16. /ʌɪ/ = /aɪ/. Many speakers start the sounds /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ in different positions, so it can be confusing for learners to have the same symbol in both, using /ʌɪ/ resolves this.The consonant categories. The full set of basic IPA consonant categories is shown in the table below: The subset of 22 IPA symbols relevant to English dictionary-style pronunciations is given below: Of these, some have basically their normal value in English spelling: p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, f, v, s, z, l.Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as [ɛ], the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as [ʌ], the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart. In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a rounded vowel (in which the lips are rounded ...current IPA chart. Figure 1 demonstrates symbols for two broad types of vowel: tense vowels (associated with one of the dots on the chart) and lax vowels (not linked to a dot). English has both tense and lax vowels. Examples of the former include /O ' 5 [ /1 K/ G/ 5/ G; U;/;Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In most varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" ( / noʊ ˈhaɪweɪ ˈkaʊbɔɪ /) has five distinct diphthongs, one in every syllable . American English Vowel IPA Chart — Diphthongs. So far, the types of vowels I’ve been discussing are called monophthongs, meaning the vowel is comprised of just one sound (mono = one). ... For example, the vowel /e͡ɪ/ (like in the word late) is a diphthong vowel. It starts with the /e/ vowel and moves towards the /ɪ/ vowel, and as you say ...A great way to practise the IPA symbols with the chart is to get a blank diagram (here’s one) and practise writing the symbols in, preferably with keywords so that you remember what they sound like. If you’ve studied Spanish or Italian, it may help to note that the “normal” looking vowels correspond to their sounds in Spanish/Italian.File:IPA vowel chart 2005.png - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaTake the phoneme p in the above chart. It occurs in the phonemic transcriptions of pin /pɪn/ and spin /spɪn/. In pin, this phoneme is pronounced with aspiration ...What is a vowel chart for? It can tell you how English vowels are pronounced relative to each other. For example, it can tell you that, to pronounce /ʌ/, you should say something between /ə/ ( a way) and /a/ ( five ). It can also clear up misunderstandings. For example, dictionaries use separate symbols for the vowel in a way /ə/ and in turn ...In today’s data-driven world, charts are an essential tool for visually representing information and making it easier to understand. Whether you’re a student, professional, or just someone who loves visualizing data, creating charts has nev...Vowels Consonants ɑ on, mom æ apple, ba ... International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Symbols American English 192 . Vowels and Diphthongs ConsonantsExamples in World Languages. The IPA describes vowels by the position (height and backness) of the tongue in the mouth and the rounding of the lips. Here is the chart it uses to describe vowels, and each vowel’s symbol. The IPA maps hundreds of consonants on several different charts; including consonants that are pulmonic (all English ...IPA Chart With Sounds. Note: We have a new version of the IPA chart with sounds available here. Listen to each of the sounds from the International Phonetic Alphabet. Click on a symbol to hear the associated sound.It is always represented by “o” in a closed stressed syllable, although such an “o” can also be pronounced differently (e.g. in “son”). Americans don’t use this vowel and say [ ɑː] instead. [ʌ] but, cut, gun, come, some, glove. This vowel very similar to …International Phonetic Alphabet. Below is an IPA chart for received pronunciation, which is generally regarded as the standard accent for British English. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is a system of phonetic notation using the Latin script. The purpose of IPA is to provide a symbol for every sound for every language and accent. In English language teaching, when using the chart to show the pronunciation of a language item, we normally write the symbols between slashes. So, for example, ...The letters in sideways brackets are from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a writing system that allows for accurate descriptions of sounds in all languages. 1. /aʊ/ as in Town . This diphthong can have many spellings and is commonly written as ow or ou within English words. Examples with the /aʊ/ diphthong include:ɥ. Voiced labial-palatal approximant. ɧ. Simultaneous ʃ and x. ʜ. Voiceless epiglottal fricative. Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʢ. Voiced epiglottal fricative/approximant.A great way to practise the IPA symbols with the chart is to get a blank diagram (here’s one) and practise writing the symbols in, preferably with keywords so that you remember what they sound like. If you’ve studied Spanish or Italian, it may help to note that the “normal” looking vowels correspond to their sounds in Spanish/Italian. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an alphabet developed in the 19th century to accurately represent the pronunciation of languages.One aim of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was to provide a unique symbol for each distinctive sound in a language—that is, every sound, or phoneme, that serves to distinguish one word from …When it comes to understanding Medicaid eligibility, a key tool that can help you determine your eligibility status is the Medicaid eligibility chart. One of the primary factors that determine Medicaid eligibility is income.V o w e l s. The following table displays and describes the different IPA vowels and diphthongs. Click on a vowel to hear an audio clip. (Note: The audio clips may not play well in the media bar of Internet Explorer. Use another player or download the links to disk.)The symbol for the Close-mid central unrounded vowel is IPA LS Uni 0258; the 2005 chart uses a rotated e. The symbol for the Open-mid central rounded vowel is IPA LS Uni 025E; the 2005 chart uses a rotated closed-omega. The Rising-falling tone letter is IPA LS Uni E9B3, a non-Unicode mapping; the 2005 chart uses a combination of a Mino r (foot ... Interactive IPA Chart. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a set of symbols that linguists use to describe the sounds of spoken languages. This page lets you hear the sounds that the symbols represent, but remember that it is only a rough guide. There is lots of variation in how these sounds are said depending on the language and context.24 May 2021 ... For example, “pronunciation” would be written as /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/. It is typical to transcribe IPA using stress markers, though it is not ...Row and column labels are partly my own, reflecting widespread descriptive practice among linguists. The IPA does not label all the rows and columns of its chart. f is the value of this symbol in the Cardinal Vowel system; i.e. a front vowel c is the value of this symbol as commonly used by linguists; i.e. a central vowel. topThe symbols in vowel-space figures and in the left-hand column of the vowel table are from Harrington et al. (1997). This is a revised symbol set for SAusE which was developed to indicate phonetic properties of the vowels more accurately than the earlier system recommended by Mitchell (1946). The Mitchell (1946) transcription system for vowels ... A few examples. Below are a few examples of the transcription of a few words using IPA – …For example, the “eee” sound is represented by the /i/ symbol in the IPA. Any time you see the /i/ symbol transcribed in a word, then you’ll know that you pronounce that sound as “eee”. So in the words he, tea, and me, you should pronounce the vowel sound as “eee”: he: /hi/ tea: /ti/ me: /mi/The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents pronunciation for Tagalog language and a number of related Philippine languages in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA …IPA Vowel Chart with Examples · /ɪ/ · /ʊ/ · /e/ · /ə/ · /æ/ · /ʌ/ · /ɒ/.Each vowel character is pronounced on its own. Within a consonant column, the left-hand character of a pair is voiceless, the right-hand one is voiced (where possible). Within a vowel column, the left-hand character of a pair (white background) is unrounded, the right-hand one (light gray background) is rounded. IPA Symbol Description; high front unrounded tense : high front unrounded lax : mid front unrounded tense : mid front unrounded lax : low front unrounded lax... Phonetic Alphabet. Click anywhere on the chart to hear examples of the sounds and to see spectrograms of them. Materials that accompany the book are linked ...The IPA vowel symbols are typically more difficult than consonants for speakers of English to learn, since they seldom represent the sounds that the corresponding English letters (usually) do. The major vowel symbols, [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u], represent the sounds that the corresponding letters do in the spelling systems of many European ...For example, the word “because” would be transcribed as /bəˈkʌz/ with the apostrophe before the second syllable. If there is a secondary stress in the syllable, then you would use a symbol that looks somewhat like a comma. For example, “pronunciation” would be written as /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/. It is typical to transcribe IPA using ...For differences among national dialects of English, see the IPA chart for English, which compares the vowels of Received Pronunciation, General American, Australian English, New Zealand English, and Scottish English. For use of the IPA in other languages, see Help:IPA for a quick overview, or the detailed IPA article.Australian English (AuE) is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. Australian English is notable for vowel length contrasts which are absent from most English dialects.. The Australian English vowels /ɪ/, /e/, /eː/ and /oː/ are noticeably …Interactive Phonemic Chart to Teach Pronunciation. All English phonetics are displayed in box style. Click each phoneme and you will hear the sound. Hover the down arrow on the right top corner of each phoneme box and you will see three example words representing the phoneme. Click each word to hear the sound.This vowel very similar to [ ɑː ], but it’s never pronounced long in English. It is always represented by “u” in a stressed closed syllable, or by an “o”, but both can be pronounced also in a different way. [ɛ] get, bed, set, sell, fell, men. This vowel is the closest one to the sound of the letter “e” in most other languages ...*International Phonetic Alphabet Symbol Chart with Close English Equivalent Keywords Single Vowels Diphthongs IPA English Equivalent Keyword IPA English Equivalent Keyword father night pasta day cat boy Diphthong Vowel Sounds. 00:00. Diphthongs are long vowel sounds that start in one position of the mouth and end in another within the same syllable. Standard English pronunciation has 7 diphthong phonemes …These vowels are made with a more neutral tongue position - the tongue is somewhere in the middle of the mouth. American English Vowel IPA Chart — Monophthongs. Now that you have a basic understanding of what the quadrilateral represents, I’ll include it here again with all of the vowel IPA symbols for the American English monophthongs:A fe w symbol substitutions have been made: The symbol for the labiodental flap, which in the 2005 chart came from an unknown font, here comes from the Doulos SIL font (2C71). The symbol for the Close-mid central unrounded vowel is IPA LS Uni 0258; the 2005 chart uses a rotated e. The symbol for the Open-mid central rounded vowel is IPA LS Uni ...Examples of voiced consonant sounds are /v/, /b/ and /g/. A consonant pair is when the mouth position required to make two sounds is the same, but one sound in unvoiced and one sound is voiced. /p/ pet /pet/ paper /ˈpeɪ.pə/ top /tɒp/. /b/ bet /bet/ trouble /ˈtrʌ.bəl/ rub /rʌb/. /t/ Tim /tɪm/ better /ˈbe.tə/ hot /hɒt/.Gantt charts can be versatile tools for project management when used correctly. However, if you’re part of an organization that regularly uses them, you’re also probably aware that they can be confusing if you’re not familiar with how they ...Mar 1, 2018 · Interactive Phonemic Chart to Teach Pronunciation. All English phonetics are displayed in box style. Click each phoneme and you will hear the sound. Hover the down arrow on the right top corner of each phoneme box and you will see three example words representing the phoneme. Click each word to hear the sound. The symbols in vowel-space figures and in the left-hand column of the vowel table are from Harrington et al. (1997). This is a revised symbol set for SAusE which was developed to indicate phonetic properties of the vowels more accurately than the earlier system recommended by Mitchell (1946). The Mitchell (1946) transcription system for vowels ...The arrangement of the vowel sounds in the chart below reflects the IPA standard. Rounded and unrounded pairs are represented as: Unrounded • Rounded. For this class, you should learn the terms used to describe the vowel sounds of English.Within the chart "close", "open", "mid", "front", "central", and "back" refer to the placement of the sound within the mouth. At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. IPA: Vowels IPA help audio help full chart templateIt can be represented by any vowel (a, e, i, o, u) in an unstressed syllable, see the examples above. When represented by "a" or "i", it is often freely interchangeable with [ɪ]; for example "terrible" can be pronounced either / ˈtɛrəbl /, or / ˈtɛrɪbl /.... example words. North American English Sounds Current chart was reprinted with permission from the International Phonetic Association. For more information ...... example words. North American English Sounds Current chart was reprinted with permission from the International Phonetic Association. For more information ...V o w e l s. The following table displays and describes the different IPA vowels and diphthongs. Click on a vowel to hear an audio clip. (Note: The audio clips may not play well in the media bar of Internet Explorer. Use another player or download the links to disk.) Correct. This speaker demonstrates a phenomenon called 'nasal raising' where vowels raise before a nasal sound. However, many Americans pronounce this word with the vowel [ɛ]. Incorrect. This would rhyme with , paint.You can: Listen to the Vowels by clicking on the vowel boxes.; Listen to Words with a particular vowel sound by clicking on the little arrow in the top-right corner of each vowel box.; Change the Symbols by choosing the dictionary you use.; Each vowel is represented by an International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol. Underneath the symbol is a lexical set keyword written in …IPA chart structure. There are three important areas to consider when looking at this. The chart is divided into vowels and consonants and each of them have their own symbols. In the vowel section, it is divided into two sections: monophthongs and diphthongs. These sound like difficult words, but they will be easier to grasp after these ...IPA Chart with Sample Words. Jumbo IPA Chart Seurat WS.jpg. High Resolution Poster Sold Out. Free Download · fillable chart · Talking IPA Chart. Studio Vowel ...IPA chart structure. There are three important areas to consider when looking at this. The chart is divided into vowels and consonants and each of them have their own symbols. In the vowel section, it is divided into two sections: monophthongs and diphthongs. These sound like difficult words, but they will be easier to grasp after these ...These examples show how the pronunciation of monophthongs can affect the meaning of words and the clarity of communication. Long monophthongs. Long monophthongs are vowels with long pronunciation. There are 5 long vowels: /a:/ as in calm. /u:/ as in cool. /i:/ as in leap. /3:/ as in turn. /ɔ:/ as in all. Short monophthongs March 1, 2018. Subjects, Teaching English. English phonetic alphabet and IPA chart are good …The arrangement of the vowel sounds in the chart below reflects the IPA standard. Rounded and unrounded pairs are represented as: Unrounded • Rounded. For this class, you should learn the terms used to describe the vowel sounds of English.Every speech nerd's favorite vowel chart! Beautifully printed spiral-bound notebook. The perfect place for notes, to-do lists, remembering awesome ideas, and ...1. Almost all dictionaries use the e symbol for the vowel in bed.The problem with this convention is that e in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for example, in the German word Seele.The “proper” symbol for the bed-vowel is ɛ (do not confuse with ɜ:).The same goes for eə vs. ɛə.; 2. In əʳ and ɜ:ʳ, the …ɥ. Voiced labial-palatal approximant. ɧ. Simultaneous ʃ and x. ʜ. Voiceless epiglottal fricative. Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. ʢ. Voiced epiglottal fricative/approximant.Voiced labial-velar approximant. Alveolar lateral flap. Voiced labial-palatal approximant. Simultaneous and. Voiceless epiglottal fricative. Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.An American IPA chart with sounds and examples. All the sounds of American English ( General American) with: consonants, simple vowels and diphthongs. The chart is interactive, click on the symbols and illustrations! The use of animals for consonants, and colors for vowels, makes this English phonemic chart easy to remember. The arrangement of the vowel sounds in the chart below reflects the IPA standard. Rounded and unrounded pairs are represented as: Unrounded • Rounded. For this class, you should learn the terms used to describe the vowel sounds of English.English Phonetic System & International Phonetic Alphabet. (40 votes) A branch of linguistics that studies all human sounds is called phonetics. It analyses the production (articulation), transmission (sound), and perception (hearing) of sounds. The phonetic system of a language represents the way people use sounds in their speech.
The Color Vowel Chart is a pronunciation tool for teaching and learning English. This tool enables teachers and learners to talk easily and accurately about the key sounds of English without the use of phonetic symbols. Instead of phonetic symbols, the Chart uses colors and key words to represent the vowel sounds of English.. Baker university softball schedule
The difference between graphs and charts is mainly in the way the data is compiled and the way it is represented. Graphs are usually focused on raw data and showing the trends and changes in that data over time.The other sound that doesn’t fit on the chart is the approximant [w]. It has two places of articulation: the lips are rounded, and the body of the tongue moves towards the velum. So the IPA’s name for the segment [w] is a labial-velar approximant. Canadian English Vowels. Figure 2 shows the IPA symbols for the vowels of Canadian English:The arrangement of the vowel sounds in the chart below reflects the IPA standard. Rounded and unrounded pairs are represented as: Unrounded • Rounded. For this class, you should learn the terms used to describe the vowel sounds of English.Long vowels in the IPA are /i:/-week, /ɑ:/-hard,/ɔ:/-fork,/ɜ:/-heard, /u:/-boot. Diphthong vowels in the IPA are /eɪ/-place, /oʊ/-home, /aʊ/-mouse, /ɪə/-clear, /eə/-care, /ɔɪ/-boy, /aɪ/-find, /ʊə/-tour. I understand that to many people that can look a little overwhelming. But I promise it’s not so bad.Full IPA Chart 44 phonetic symbols with examples pdf Phonetic symbols worksheets English Pronunciation in Use Advanced - phonetic practice with IPA English Vowel Sounds Examples - Practice \u0026 Record All English Phonetic Symbols (Flashcards in PDF) International Phonetic Alphabet chart - WikipediaThese examples are drawn from the pronunciation of mainstream Canadian English. To hear an audio-recording of the sound for each IPA symbol, consult the consonant, vowel, and diphthong charts available here. The sounds are categorized here according to how they’re produced. You’ll learn more about these categories in units 2.6, 2.7 and 3.2.Gantt charts can be versatile tools for project management when used correctly. However, if you’re part of an organization that regularly uses them, you’re also probably aware that they can be confusing if you’re not familiar with how they ...This video describes vowel production with a focus on the vowel qualities that are represented by symbols in the IPA chart. While the positions of the lips and tongue have an effect on the vowels that are produced, the vowels of the IPA are also defined in part by the auditory impressions, and their qualities relative to one another.Military ranks are an important part of the military structure, and understanding how to read a chart of military ranks is essential for anyone who wants to understand the hierarchy of the armed forces.This page is a chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic symbols. These are created and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a full list of every single sound that is …Row and column labels are partly my own, reflecting widespread descriptive practice among linguists. The IPA does not label all the rows and columns of its chart. f is the value of this symbol in the Cardinal Vowel system; i.e. a front vowel c is the value of this symbol as commonly used by linguists; i.e. a central vowel. topOn this page, you will find charts with all American English consonant and vowel sounds. You can choose one of the two phonetic transcription systems - both use the symbols of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): Broad, or phonemic, ….
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